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Lanzarote
Lanzarote, a Spanish island, is the easternmost of the Canary
Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 125 km off the coast
of Africa and 1,000 km from the Iberian Peninsula. Covering 845.9
km², it stands as the fourth largest of the islands. The first
recorded name for the island, given by Angelino Dulcert, was Insula
de Lanzarotus Marocelus, after the Genoese navigator Lancelotto
Malocello, from which the modern name is derived. The island's name
in the native Guanche language was Tite-Roy-Gatra, which may mean
"the red mountains".
Geography
Lanzarote is situated at 29°00' north, 13°40' west. It is located 11
kilometers north-east of Fuerteventura and only 1 km from Graciosa.
The elongated island has an area of 845,9 km². The dimensions of the
island are 60 km from north to south and 25 km from west to east.
Lanzarote has 213 km of coastline, of which 10 km are sand, 16.5 km
are beach, and the remainder are rocky. Its dramatic landscape
includes the mountain ranges of Famara (671 m) in the north and
Ajaches (608 m) to the south. South of the Famara massif is the El
Jable desert which separates Famara and Montañas del Fuego.
Lanzarote's mountains include the Montañas del Fuego located in the
Timanfaya National Park. The tallest mountain is Peñas del Chache
elevating 670 m above sea level. The "Tunnel of Atlantis" is the
largest submerged volcanic tunnel in the world. The island is under
protection as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.
Geology
Lanzarote is of volcanic origin. The island was created about 35
million years ago by the Canary hotspot. Alfred Wegener arrived in
1912 and studied the island and showed how it fitted in with his
theory of continental drift. The island along with others was
created after the breakup of the African and the American
continental plates.
Demographics
As of 2006, a total of 127.457 people lived on Lanzarote [1]. The
seat of the island government (Cabildo Insular) is in the capital,
Arrecife, which has a population of 55.203[2]. The majority of the
inhabitants (73'9%) are Spanish, with a sizeable number of residents
from other European nations, mainly British (4%) and Germans
(2'6%)[3]. Other populous groups include immigrants from Colombia,
Morocco and Ecuador.
The island has its own international airport, Arrecife Airport,
through which 5.626.337 passengers travelled in 2006[4]. Tourism has
been the mainstay of the island's economy for the past forty years,
the only other industry being agriculture.
Lanzarote is part of the province of Las Palmas, and is divided into
seven municipalities:
* Arrecife
* Haría
* San Bartolomé
* Teguise (includes Isla de La Graciosa and four smaller islets)
* Tías
* Tinajo
* Yaiza
Climate
Lanzarote's climate is benevolent and relatively stable throughout
the year, with an average annual temperature of 21'4 ºC in 2006.
During the summer months, June to September, daytime maximums can
reach 32 ºC, but rarely more, whilst nighttime temperatures remain
around 20 ºC. Winter daytime temperatures vary from 15 to 25 °C, and
can drop at night to 14 ºC, although seldom below that.
Lanzarote is in the path of the North Atlantic trade winds and
profits from their cooling effect on daytime temperatures. Without
this benefit the island's climate would resemble that of the
neighbouring Sahara. Every year sandstorms originate in the desert
and cross the thin stretch of ocean to the Canary Islands, where
temperatures can rise dramatically and visibility can drop to just
100 metres. The locals call the wind that causes these storms siroco
and the resulting floating dust calima.
Annual precipitation for 2006 was 1.171 millimetres, although the
bulk of this fell in October (164 mm), January (281 mm) and February
(488 mm). Due to the particular orographic layout of the island,
most of the rain occurs in the north-western half, including the
Famara Massif, while the south-eastern half is mainly dry[6].
Surface water temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean reach 23 °C during
the summer months and can drop as low as 13 °C during the winter.
Flora and fauna
There are five hundred different kinds of plants on the island, of
which 17 are endemic and 180 are lichen. Lichens survive in the
suitable areas like the rock and introduce its own weathering. These
plants have adapted to the relative scarcity of water, the same as
succulents. Plants includes date sut Phoenix canariensis which are
founded in damper areas of the north, Pinus canariensis, ferns, wild
olive trees (Olea europaea). The laurisilva trees which once covered
the highest parts of Risco de Famara are rarely found today. After
the winter rainfalls, the vegetation comes to a colorful bloom
between February and March.
The fauna of Lanzarote is more monotonous than the plant life,
except for bats and other types of mammals which accompanied humans
to the island, including the dromedary which was used for
agriculture and is now a tourist attraction. Lanzarote has
thirty-five types of animal life, including birds, falcons, and
reptiles. Some interesting endemic creatures are the Gallotia
lizards, and the blind deep-water Remipedia crabs found in the
Jameos del Agua lagoon, which was created by a volcanic eruption.
The vineyards of La Gería, with their traditional methods of
cultivation, are a protected area. Single vines are planted in pits
4-5m wide and 2-3m deep, with small stone walls around each pit.
This agricultural technique is designed to harvest rainfall and
overnight dew and to protect the plants from the winds. The
vineyards are part of the World Heritage Site as well as other sites
on the island.
History
Lanzarote was probably the first Canary Island to be settled. The
Phoenicians settled there around 1100 BC. The Greek writers and
philosophers Herodotus, Plato and Plutarch described the garden of
Hesperis, the land of fertility where fruits and flowers smell in
the part of the Atlantic. The first known record came from Pliny the
Elder in the encyclopedia Naturalis Historia on an expedition to the
Canary Islands. The names of the islands (then called Insulae
Fortunatae) were recorded as Canaria (Gran Canaria), Ninguaria
(Tenerife), Junonia Mayor (La Palma) and Capraria (El Hierro).
Lanzarote and Fuerteventura were only mentioned as an archipelago.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Canary islands became
abandoned until 999 AD when the Arabs arrived at the island and was
known as al-Djezir al-Khalida and other names. In 1336, a ship
arrived from Lisbon under the guidance of Lanzarote da Framqua,
alias Lancelotto Malocello. A fort was later built in the area of
Montaña de Guanapay near today's Teguise. Jean de Béthencourt
arrived in 1402 on a private expedition to the Canary Islands and
brought slavery to the island as well as raw materials. Bethencourt
first visited the south of Lanzarote at Playas de Papagayo. In 1404,
the Spaniards with the support of the King of Spain came and fought
against a rebellion among the local Guanches. The islands of
Fuerteventura and El Hierro were later conquered. In the 17th
century, pirates raided the island and took 1,000 inhabitants to
slavery in Cueva de los Verdes.
In 1585, the Ottoman admiral Murat Reis captured Lanzarote.
From 1730 to 1736 (for 2,053 days), the island was hit by a series
of volcanic eruptions, creating 32 new volcanoes in a stretch of 18
km. The minister of Yaiza Don Andrés Lorenzo Curbelo documented the
eruption in detail until 1731. Lava covered a quarter of the
island's surface, including the most fertile soil and eleven
villages. One hundred smaller volcanoes were located in the area
called Montañas del Fuego. In 1768, drought affected the island and
winter rains did not fall. Much of the population was forced to
emigrate to Cuba and the Americas. Another volcanic eruption
occurred within the range of Tiagua in 1824 which was not as bad as
the major eruption between 1730 and 1736.
In 1927, Lanzarote as well as Fuerteventura became part of the
province of Las Palmas.
Notables
Among the notables who have lived on the island are César Manrique,
an artist; José Saramago, a Portuguese Nobel Prize for Literature
winner, and Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark and her husband,
Carlos Morales Quintana.
Attractions
* El Golfo crater
* Timanfaya, a volcanic nature reserve.
* Salinas del Janubio
* Jameos del Agua
* Los Hervideros
* Mirador del Rio
* Cueva de los Verdes
* Puerto del Carmen
* Jardín de Cactus, a cactus garden in Guatiza.
* Guatiza