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Minorca
/ Menorca
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Minorca (Menorca both in Catalan and Spanish; from Latin Balearis
Minor, later Minorica "minor island") is one of the Balearic Islands
(Illes Balears Catalan official name, Islas Baleares in Spanish)
located in the Mediterranean Sea and belongs to Spain. It takes its
name from being smaller than nearby island of Majorca. Minorca has a
population of approximately 88,000. It is located around 39°47' to
40°00'N, 3°52' to 4°24'E. Its highest point, called Monte Toro, is
358 m/1174 ft above sea level.
History
The island is known for it large collection of megalithic stone
monuments: navetes, taules, and talaiots, which speak of a very
early prehistoric human activity.
The end of the Punic wars saw an increase in piracy in the western
Mediterranean. The Roman occupation of Hispania had meant a growth
of maritime trade between the Iberian and Italian peninsulas.
Pirates took advantage of the strategic location of the Balearic
Islands to raid Roman commerce, using both Minorca and Majorca as
bases. In reaction to this, the Romans sent an army to the islands
in order to put an end to such activities. By 121 BC both islands
were fully under Roman control, later being incorporated into the
province of Hispania Citerior. In 13 BC Caesar Augustus reorganized
the provincial system and the Balearic Islands became part of the
Tarraconensis imperial province.
The Letter on the Conversion of the Jews by a fifth century bishop
named Severus tells of the conversion of the island's Jewish
community in AD 418. Vandals conquered it on the 5th century.
Following the Moorish conquest of peninsular Spain, Minorca was
annexed to the Caliphate of Córdoba in 903 and given the Arabicized
name of Manûrqa. In 1231, after Christian forces reconquered
Majorca, Minorca became an independent Islamic state, albeit one
tributary to King James I of Aragon. The island was ruled first by
Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd Hakam al Qurashi (1234–1282), and following his
death by his son, Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd (1282–1287). An Aragonese
invasion, led by Alfonso III came on January 17, 1287, now
celebrated as Minorca's national day. Most of the Muslim inhabitants
of the island were enslaved and sold in the slave markets of Ibiza,
Valencia and Barcelona. Until 1344 the island was part of the
Kingdom of Majorca, also an Aragonese vassal state, which was itself
annexed to Aragon, and subsequently to the unified kingdom of Spain.
During the 16th century, Turkish naval attacks destroyed Maó, and
the then capital, Ciutadella.
Captured by the British navy in 1708 during the War of the Spanish
Succession, Minorca became a British possession. This period saw the
island's capital moved to Maó, and a naval base established in that
town's harbor. During the Seven Years' War, however, the failure of
a British naval squadron to lift a French siege of Minorca on May
20, 1756 later led to the court-martial and execution of Admiral
John Byng. This naval engagement, the Battle of Minorca, represented
the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in the European theatre.
Despite this defeat, British resistance persisted at Maó, but the
garrison was forced to capitulate under honourable terms, including
free passage back to Britain, on June 29 of that same year. The
Treaty of Paris (1763), however, saw British rule restored, since
Britain and its allies largely prevailed in the war. During the
American Revolutionary War, the British were defeated for a second
time, in this instance by a combination of French and Spanish
forces, which captured the island on February 5, 1782. Minorca was
recovered by the British once again in 1798, during the French
Revolutionary Wars, but it was finally and permanently ceded to
Spain by the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. The British influence can
still be seen in local architecture with elements such as sash
windows.
Minorcan countryside
Minorcan countryside
During the Spanish Civil War, Minorca stayed loyal to the Republican
Spanish government, while the rest of the Balearic Islands supported
the Nationalists. It did not see combat, except for aerial bombing
by the Italians of Corpo Truppe Volontarie air force. Many Minorcans
were also killed when taking part in a failed invasion of Majorca.
After the Nationalist victory in 1939, the British navy assisted in
a peaceful transfer of power in Minorca and the evacuation of some
political refugees.
In October 1993, Minorca was designated by UNESCO as a biosphere
reserve.
In July 2005, the island's application to become the 25th member of
the International Island Games Association was approved.
[edit] Language
Most locals are bilingual in Spanish and the dialect of Catalan
called Menorquí. Between Menorquí and Catalan proper, as with most
Balearic dialects, the most distinctive difference is the different
word used for the article "the", where Menorquí uses "es" for
masculine and "sa" for feminine, Catalan uses "el" and "la", a form
which was historically used along the Costa Brava of Catalonia, from
where the islands were repopulated after being conquered from the
Moors. Menorquí also has a few English loan words dating back to the
British occupation such as "grevi", "xumaquer", "boinder" or "xoc"
taken from "gravy", "shoemaker", "bow window" and "chalk",
respectively.
[edit] Food and drink
Lingering British influence is seen in the Minorcans' taste for gin,
which during the local festes (holidays dedicated to a town's patron
saint), the islanders mix with bitter lemon to make the popular
Pomada. Also famous is Formatge de Maó, a cheese typical of the
island.
[edit] Municipalities
The major towns are Maó and Ciutadella. The island is
administratively divided into these municipalities:
* Alaior
* Ciutadella previously the capital of Minorca
* Es Castell Founded by the British and originally named as
Georgetown.
* Es Mercadal - Virtual tour through Es Mercadal
o Fornells, which belongs to the municipality of Es Mercadal. Famous
for its lobster soup. - Virtual tour through Fornells
* Es Migjorn Gran or Es Mitjorn Gran hometown of Joan Riudavets.
* Ferreries
* Maó, the city from which mayonnaise gets its name (Catalán Maó,
Spanish Mahón), became the capital thanks to its strategical natural
harbour.
o Sant Climent which belongs to the municipality of Maó.
o Llucmassanes a small hamlet which belongs to the municipality of
Maó.
* Sant Lluís Founded by the French.
[edit] References in popular culture
* Minorca is where Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin first meet in the
Patrick O'Brian novel Master and Commander, the first in his Aubrey/Maturin
series.