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Properties Spain
***** o0o*****
apartments in almeria
apartments sale in mojacar
apartments sale in murcia
buying property in spain
costa almeria property
costa blanca property
costa brava property
costa calida property
***** o0o*****
We have a selection of case studies, examples,
comments
and frequently asked questions on related 'Spanish Properties' and 'Properties
in Majorca, Ibiza, Menorca, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and
Fuerteventura'.
Should you feel you need to contribute to this
page, please feel free to comment on the subject in the box below...
Three important web addresses to remember...
PROPERTY SEARCH FOR SPAIN
POUNDS TO EUROS
MORTGAGES IN SPAIN
PROPERTIES FOR SALE SPAIN
*******************
Currency Exchange -
In August 2007 there was Jayne from Southampton, she was buying a property
in Almeria, Spain. Her transfer was for a villa at 325, 000; a superb 5
bedroom villa with sea views. Her bank had frightened her with the exchange
rate, so she decided to look elsewhere; fortunately she came to a brokers
website. She was offered an exchange rate of 1.39 / 1; we were able
to offer 1.41 / 1. This meant had she continued with the bank she would
have realised 451, 750 - however fortunately the broker service could manage
458, 250; saving Jayne 6, 500 (4, 600)
*******************
Properties for Sale in Majorca -
Margaret and her husband Roy were buying in the Majorca in December 2007;
they were buying a 3 Bedroom apartment on a top class complex, swimming
pool, bar, shops etc. The property in Majorca is expensive so a three
bedroom apartment was priced at 265, 000. Newly retired they wanted the best
deal on their currency exchange. Their bank had quoted 1.31 / 1 but the
broker was able to secure at deal at 1.33 / 1. This meant the currency
broker was able to save Margaret and Roy 5, 300 (3, 900).
*******************
*******************
Properties in Costa Tropical - Pilgrim father... and son
Jim Craig took the Camino less travelled from Portugal to Santiago de Compostela,
but still found hospitality from locals and fellow pilgrims alike
Travel Home
By Jim Craig
Saturday July 12 2008
Stand in the spacious square of Plaza del Obradoiro in Santiago de Compostela
and you will see foot-weary travellers from all parts of the world arrive at
their destination, the great Romanesque cathedral of St James the Apostle.
They stand awestruck, smile, hug, dance or just burst into tears. They have
arrived. They have achieved their dream. Through many trials and trails they
have reached their destination. They have completed their Camino.
But why do they put themselves through the tough treks that may have tested them
physically, spiritually or mentally to reach this place?
There are as many answers to that as there are pilgrims on the road. In the
Middle Ages, the three major places of pilgrimage were Rome, Jerusalem and
Santiago de Compostela.
Rome still draws the crowds. Jerusalem is problematic. But even in this secular
age, Santiago's popularity is increasing -- possibly because it retains more of
the spirit of pilgrimage as a long physical journey, a time for reflection, the
shared experiences and a deserved sense of achievement.
Legend has it that St James the Apostle, son of Zebedee, was executed by Herod
and his body was brought to Galicia in a stone boat. His remains were discovered
just in time to have him made the spiritual champion of the Catholic Spanish in
their battle against the Moorish occupiers. Now, patron of Spain, he is said to
be buried in Santiago's cathedral.
Today's travellers are following in the footsteps, literally, of millions who
preceded them over the centuries to visit this shrine. Some undertake the Camino
trail for religious or spiritual reasons and some just for the pleasure of the
walk. They will see countryside and a way of life far from the tourist circuit.
Each morning, they will set out with the hope that they will arrive safely
somewhere that night.
They will learn that their needs are basic; water, food, shelter, a bed, a place
to wash and health to continue.
The most popular route by far is the Camino Francs starting in St Jean Pied de
Port, continuing over the Pyrenees and across the north of Spain for around
800km. In the summer, this route can become very congested. The demand for beds
in the hostels can be as great as for sunbeds in the Costas. The full Camino
Francs will take up to five or six weeks and dem-ands a good level of fitness.
A few summers ago, I went solo from Burgos to Santiago and covered 500km in
three weeks. Tough but rewarding.
But why be a martyr when being a pilgrim will do? For a shorter, less demanding
but most enjoyable Camino, try the Camino Portugus. At a steady pace, this
route from Portugal's second city of Oporto to Santiago is manageable in less
than two weeks. Follow the painted yellow arrows, which mark the Camino route,
and you will get there.
My son Johnny and I walked from the cathedral in Oporto to Santiago over eight
days without over exertion, so the full 240km length could easily be done in 10
or 11 days. Basic fitness, proper gear and common sense should suffice.
So, what is the difference between the French and the Portuguese route? Well,
about 560km for a start. The length of the Camino Portugus makes it feasible to
complete within the fortnight most people have for an annual holiday. The
terrain is less difficult than the Camino Francs and the distances between
stopping places generally shorter. Then there is the novelty of walking in two
countries and comparing and contrasting the differences experienced en route.
We flew out from Dublin and decided to stay the night in Oporto. We planned to
set off next morning from the city's Se Catedral and go all the way to
Santiago's Cathedral on foot.
With the pilgrim's emblem, the scallop shell, on our rucksacks and hope in our
hearts, we strode off for the long trek. Unfortunately, we were soon lost in the
city and ended up taking a bus to the outskirts, picking up the yellow arrows to
get on our way.
Late that evening we arrived at our hostel in the charming village of Rates. It
is housed in a recently renovated building with a library, most mod cons and a
museum, as well as three dormitories with more than 20 beds. There were three of
us that first night; Johnny, myself and Stefan from Germany, plus a few
mosquitoes. Not just a bed but a whole dormitory each. This was definitely going
to be the road less travelled.
We were off early the next morning for an easy 16km to Barcelos, following the
yellow arrows along busy roads and country lanes and passing harvest fields
where whole families worked at the maize. From grandparents to children, all
were toiling under the hot sun.
Over the Rio Cvado at Barcelinhos, then past a notice informing us that there
had been a 14th-century lavatory there for the convenience of pilgrims going to
Santiago. We knew we were out of the woods.
Barcelos was gearing up for Fiesta Nova and the villages and parishes from all
around had each erected a decorative arch. Barcelos is the place of origin of
Portugal's tourist mascot, the rooster, and he is seen everywhere here. The town
has no hostel but the tourist office is most helpful in recommending places to
suit all pockets.
After a good night's sleep in Barcelos we began a long, demanding, 34km journey
to Ponte de Lima to find the fiesta in full swing. Great music, parades, stalls
and thousands of revellers, but we had no place to stay.
However, luck was on our side. We got the last double room in the Hotel Imperio
de Minho. That is one of the appeals of the Camino: heading off each morning not
knowing what the day will bring or where you will end up each night. Just travel
in hope.
The next day, after 17km through overgrown paths, thick pinewoods and steep
climbs, we arrived at Silvia Castro's B&B. A double room with shower was 15
each and Silvia even did our clothes washing. She organised a lift for us to a
bar for food and we were ferried back by one of the drinkers. In St James we
trusted.
Our last day in Portugal brought us to Valenca, a popular tourist city with
magnificent moats and walls built to protect locals against their neighbours,
the Spanish. Across the bridge, over the Rio Minho, and we were in Spain in the
province of Galicia. At the end of the bridge is Tui, with its unusual fortress
-- like a cathedral with sheltered cloisters and well-kept gardens. Well worth a
visit.
Galicia is Spain's Celtic province, where the rain in Spain falls mainly. The
albergue (hostel) in the heart of Redondela is a wonderfully restored townhouse
which we shared with a growing number of pilgrims. A party of 18 from Slovakia
complete with their own chaplain had joined, but there was still no pressure for
beds -- unlike the places on the Camino Francs approaching Santiago from the
east.
Next stop Pontevedra, with its purpose-built albergue and delightful medieval
city centre with tapas bars, cafes and buzzing squares in the evening. An easy
walk by woodlands and paths north to Caldas de Reis, over the Roman bridge, and
into this little spa town to ease our weary feet. Blisters, causes and cures are
a constant topic among the walkers, a change from talking about the weather. The
consensus was that Compeed plasters and ointment were best.
Our last stop before Santiago was Padrn. Its main claim to fame is that it is
the place where the stone boat carrying St James' remains is said to have been
tied up. There is replica of the Roman mooring stone by the river. The original
is in St James' church nearby.
If the leaving of Oporto was tricky, the entry to Santiago was less than
triumphant. We spied the twin spires of the cathedral but lost the yellow arrows
and went totally adrift in a massive new road development site amid diggers and
bulldozers. Eventually, and several extra kilometres later, we entered the great
Plaza in front of our destination. Tired, relieved and mildly elated, we had
arrived.
Mission accomplished.
At the cathedral we observed all the pilgrim rituals. We embraced St James'
statue and viewed the casket of his relics. We stayed for the beautifully-sung
pilgrims' Mass at noon and gasped as the huge incense burner, the Botafumeiro --
used over the years to kill the smell of the travellers -- swung across the
transept. We presented our fully stamped-up Pilgrim's Credential and were
awarded our Latin Compostela, certification of our successful journey. We ate at
the pilgrims' favourite cafe, Casa Manolo, at 10 for three courses.
The Camino Portugus is shorter, more relaxed and really user-friendly. The
local people en route are kind and supportive. We were given statuettes of the
Barcelos rooster. We got free pastries with our coffee in a wayside cafe.
Harvesters called us over and gave us bunches of grapes and apples.
We were stopped and asked about our specially-printed Irish T-shirts and
encouraged on our way by waves and cars tooting horns.
Though fewer than on the Camino Francs, the other pilgrims were like Chaucer's
friends; an interesting mix. Ours ranged from devout believers to non-believers
to New Agers, who seemed to believe just about anything.
There was not such a diversity of nationalities on this Camino. It was mainly
Germans, a few Portuguese and the big group from Slovakia enjoying their
new-found freedom to travel and the joys of budget airlines. We became
particularly friendly with them and gave them a small plaque of the Derry City
coat of arms and they gave us a little bust of an angel. Of such little gestures
are lasting memories formed.
The Camino took us into pine woods, eucalyptus forests, along dusty tracks, up
steep inclines, over medieval bridges and onto Roman roads. We strolled over
modern highways, along riversides, in and out of farmyards, villages and towns.
Sometimes Johnny and I walked and talked; sometimes we just walked. But we saw a
way of rural life largely unknown in Ireland today.
We shared time together and enjoyed music, culture, food, architecture and had
experiences other holidays don't reach. Just follow the yellow arrows and take
to the Camino less travelled.
Buen viaje.
- Jim Craig
*******************
*******************
Property News - Thinking of buying a house in Spain? The Spanish property
market is a thriving, but complex, sector and more and more non-residents
are taking advantage of low interest rates in Spain and reasonable house
prices.
However, it is very very important to consider all the possible pitfalls
involved in purchasing property in Spain. This section is designed to help
you to do so.
There are many reasons to live in Spain, and lots of benefits to be got out
of making a wise property purchase here. But, as is the case in any big,
profitable sector, there are also alot of sharks swimming around in the
real-estate sea, dying to get their jaws around that sales commission. So be
very very careful, make sure you read as much as you can about how to
protect your rights and your investment before taking the plunge.
Spanish promoter took buyers' money before obtaining building permits -
Martinsa took money from buyers without obtaining building permission
Following the announcement last week that one of Spains largest
construction companies, Martinsa-Fadesa, cannot repay its debts, certain
irregularities have come to light regarding the contracts property buyers
were asked to sign with the company.
More than 12, 500 families that have signed contracts with Martinsa-Fadesa
are now waiting to see if their properties will be completed or not and many
are in the do not know whether they will be able to claim back money paid in
advance as it has emerged that a lot of money was paid before any official
deeds were drawn up.
The lawyers dealing with claims from buyers have already detected a number
of irregularities which may place buyers in a vulnerable situation regarding
the legality of contracts. The company of lawyers, Ofilegal, has been the
first to set up an association for those affected by Martinsa-Fadesa.
Ofilegal says that the contracts it has seen so far are poisonous.
According to Ofilegal, Martinsa-Fadesa took money from buyers without first
obtaining the necessary building permission. In one case it received money
from buyers for a promotion of properties, Colmenar Viejo (Madrid), from
2004 onwards despite the fact that building permission was not granted until
2006 when some buyers had already paid up to 40, 000 euros each.
Ofilegal says that many people are not aware that money paid in advance is
insured which guarantees that money is repaid if contracts are broken.
However, in some cases the guarantee is about to run out which would make it
virtually impossible to recover any money already paid to the company.
Other problems for buyers is that Martinsa-Fadesa has signed contracts with
landowners offering them a certain number of properties when building work
is completed. However the land is only fully signed over once building work
has been completed within the timescale agreed. If work is not completed on
time the landowner can reject the contract and Martinsa-Fadesa would in this
case lose the land (and buyers their potential new home).
Another serious irregularity has been discovered in a subsidised housing
project in Mstoles, Madrid. In this case Martinsa-Fadesa forced buyers to
create an owners association (communidad de propietarios) and pay money into
it. Up to a million euros was deposited in the association and it has now
been discovered that the administrators of this association who are linked
to Martinsa-Fadesa have already spent 500, 000 euros.
Martinsa Fadesa is also currently negotiating with unions over the
redundancy conditions of 234 of its employees, a quarter of its workforce.
Unions have asked the company for further information on the locations of
those affected by redundancy. CCOO will demand that Martinsa-Fadesa presents
a viable plan for the continuation of the company and maintenance of its
workforce and UGT will ask for access to documentation. UGT has also
informed the Ministry for Work of its concerns regarding the situation of
workers in companies that have been subcontracted by Martinsa-Fadesa and has
asked for them to be inspected.
Courtesy: euroresidentes.com
*******************
PROPERTIES FOR SALE SPAIN
Scroll below... For more SPANISH PROPERTIES Case Studies,
Examples and Frequently Asked Questions
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PROPERTIES FOR SALE IN SPAIN
continued...
PROPERTIES FOR SALE SPAIN
*******************
Properties in Costa Tropical - Pilgrim father... and son
Jim Craig took the Camino less travelled from Portugal to Santiago de Compostela,
but still found hospitality from locals and fellow pilgrims alike
Travel Home
By Jim Craig
Saturday July 12 2008
Stand in the spacious square of Plaza del Obradoiro in Santiago de Compostela
and you will see foot-weary travellers from all parts of the world arrive at
their destination, the great Romanesque cathedral of St James the Apostle.
They stand awestruck, smile, hug, dance or just burst into tears. They have
arrived. They have achieved their dream. Through many trials and trails they
have reached their destination. They have completed their Camino.
But why do they put themselves through the tough treks that may have tested them
physically, spiritually or mentally to reach this place?
There are as many answers to that as there are pilgrims on the road. In the
Middle Ages, the three major places of pilgrimage were Rome, Jerusalem and
Santiago de Compostela.
Rome still draws the crowds. Jerusalem is problematic. But even in this secular
age, Santiago's popularity is increasing -- possibly because it retains more of
the spirit of pilgrimage as a long physical journey, a time for reflection, the
shared experiences and a deserved sense of achievement.
Legend has it that St James the Apostle, son of Zebedee, was executed by Herod
and his body was brought to Galicia in a stone boat. His remains were discovered
just in time to have him made the spiritual champion of the Catholic Spanish in
their battle against the Moorish occupiers. Now, patron of Spain, he is said to
be buried in Santiago's cathedral.
Today's travellers are following in the footsteps, literally, of millions who
preceded them over the centuries to visit this shrine. Some undertake the Camino
trail for religious or spiritual reasons and some just for the pleasure of the
walk. They will see countryside and a way of life far from the tourist circuit.
Each morning, they will set out with the hope that they will arrive safely
somewhere that night.
They will learn that their needs are basic; water, food, shelter, a bed, a place
to wash and health to continue.
The most popular route by far is the Camino Francs starting in St Jean Pied de
Port, continuing over the Pyrenees and across the north of Spain for around
800km. In the summer, this route can become very congested. The demand for beds
in the hostels can be as great as for sunbeds in the Costas. The full Camino
Francs will take up to five or six weeks and dem-ands a good level of fitness.
A few summers ago, I went solo from Burgos to Santiago and covered 500km in
three weeks. Tough but rewarding.
But why be a martyr when being a pilgrim will do? For a shorter, less demanding
but most enjoyable Camino, try the Camino Portugus. At a steady pace, this
route from Portugal's second city of Oporto to Santiago is manageable in less
than two weeks. Follow the painted yellow arrows, which mark the Camino route,
and you will get there.
My son Johnny and I walked from the cathedral in Oporto to Santiago over eight
days without over exertion, so the full 240km length could easily be done in 10
or 11 days. Basic fitness, proper gear and common sense should suffice.
So, what is the difference between the French and the Portuguese route? Well,
about 560km for a start. The length of the Camino Portugus makes it feasible to
complete within the fortnight most people have for an annual holiday. The
terrain is less difficult than the Camino Francs and the distances between
stopping places generally shorter. Then there is the novelty of walking in two
countries and comparing and contrasting the differences experienced en route.
We flew out from Dublin and decided to stay the night in Oporto. We planned to
set off next morning from the city's Se Catedral and go all the way to
Santiago's Cathedral on foot.
With the pilgrim's emblem, the scallop shell, on our rucksacks and hope in our
hearts, we strode off for the long trek. Unfortunately, we were soon lost in the
city and ended up taking a bus to the outskirts, picking up the yellow arrows to
get on our way.
Late that evening we arrived at our hostel in the charming village of Rates. It
is housed in a recently renovated building with a library, most mod cons and a
museum, as well as three dormitories with more than 20 beds. There were three of
us that first night; Johnny, myself and Stefan from Germany, plus a few
mosquitoes. Not just a bed but a whole dormitory each. This was definitely going
to be the road less travelled.
We were off early the next morning for an easy 16km to Barcelos, following the
yellow arrows along busy roads and country lanes and passing harvest fields
where whole families worked at the maize. From grandparents to children, all
were toiling under the hot sun.
Over the Rio Cvado at Barcelinhos, then past a notice informing us that there
had been a 14th-century lavatory there for the convenience of pilgrims going to
Santiago. We knew we were out of the woods.
Barcelos was gearing up for Fiesta Nova and the villages and parishes from all
around had each erected a decorative arch. Barcelos is the place of origin of
Portugal's tourist mascot, the rooster, and he is seen everywhere here. The town
has no hostel but the tourist office is most helpful in recommending places to
suit all pockets.
After a good night's sleep in Barcelos we began a long, demanding, 34km journey
to Ponte de Lima to find the fiesta in full swing. Great music, parades, stalls
and thousands of revellers, but we had no place to stay.
However, luck was on our side. We got the last double room in the Hotel Imperio
de Minho. That is one of the appeals of the Camino: heading off each morning not
knowing what the day will bring or where you will end up each night. Just travel
in hope.
The next day, after 17km through overgrown paths, thick pinewoods and steep
climbs, we arrived at Silvia Castro's B&B. A double room with shower was 15
each and Silvia even did our clothes washing. She organised a lift for us to a
bar for food and we were ferried back by one of the drinkers. In St James we
trusted.
Our last day in Portugal brought us to Valenca, a popular tourist city with
magnificent moats and walls built to protect locals against their neighbours,
the Spanish. Across the bridge, over the Rio Minho, and we were in Spain in the
province of Galicia. At the end of the bridge is Tui, with its unusual fortress
-- like a cathedral with sheltered cloisters and well-kept gardens. Well worth a
visit.
Galicia is Spain's Celtic province, where the rain in Spain falls mainly. The
albergue (hostel) in the heart of Redondela is a wonderfully restored townhouse
which we shared with a growing number of pilgrims. A party of 18 from Slovakia
complete with their own chaplain had joined, but there was still no pressure for
beds -- unlike the places on the Camino Francs approaching Santiago from the
east.
Next stop Pontevedra, with its purpose-built albergue and delightful medieval
city centre with tapas bars, cafes and buzzing squares in the evening. An easy
walk by woodlands and paths north to Caldas de Reis, over the Roman bridge, and
into this little spa town to ease our weary feet. Blisters, causes and cures are
a constant topic among the walkers, a change from talking about the weather. The
consensus was that Compeed plasters and ointment were best.
Our last stop before Santiago was Padrn. Its main claim to fame is that it is
the place where the stone boat carrying St James' remains is said to have been
tied up. There is replica of the Roman mooring stone by the river. The original
is in St James' church nearby.
If the leaving of Oporto was tricky, the entry to Santiago was less than
triumphant. We spied the twin spires of the cathedral but lost the yellow arrows
and went totally adrift in a massive new road development site amid diggers and
bulldozers. Eventually, and several extra kilometres later, we entered the great
Plaza in front of our destination. Tired, relieved and mildly elated, we had
arrived.
Mission accomplished.
At the cathedral we observed all the pilgrim rituals. We embraced St James'
statue and viewed the casket of his relics. We stayed for the beautifully-sung
pilgrims' Mass at noon and gasped as the huge incense burner, the Botafumeiro --
used over the years to kill the smell of the travellers -- swung across the
transept. We presented our fully stamped-up Pilgrim's Credential and were
awarded our Latin Compostela, certification of our successful journey. We ate at
the pilgrims' favourite cafe, Casa Manolo, at 10 for three courses.
The Camino Portugus is shorter, more relaxed and really user-friendly. The
local people en route are kind and supportive. We were given statuettes of the
Barcelos rooster. We got free pastries with our coffee in a wayside cafe.
Harvesters called us over and gave us bunches of grapes and apples.
We were stopped and asked about our specially-printed Irish T-shirts and
encouraged on our way by waves and cars tooting horns.
Though fewer than on the Camino Francs, the other pilgrims were like Chaucer's
friends; an interesting mix. Ours ranged from devout believers to non-believers
to New Agers, who seemed to believe just about anything.
There was not such a diversity of nationalities on this Camino. It was mainly
Germans, a few Portuguese and the big group from Slovakia enjoying their
new-found freedom to travel and the joys of budget airlines. We became
particularly friendly with them and gave them a small plaque of the Derry City
coat of arms and they gave us a little bust of an angel. Of such little gestures
are lasting memories formed.
The Camino took us into pine woods, eucalyptus forests, along dusty tracks, up
steep inclines, over medieval bridges and onto Roman roads. We strolled over
modern highways, along riversides, in and out of farmyards, villages and towns.
Sometimes Johnny and I walked and talked; sometimes we just walked. But we saw a
way of rural life largely unknown in Ireland today.
We shared time together and enjoyed music, culture, food, architecture and had
experiences other holidays don't reach. Just follow the yellow arrows and take
to the Camino less travelled.
Buen viaje.
- Jim Craig
*******************
*******************
Properties for Sale in Spain -
Ines and Kevin from Glasgow were buying a Duplex in Spain, January 2008; it
was a strange scenario, they were renting before they bought. They had lived
in Spain for approaching 11 months and had left their house sale money in
their bank in Scotland. Because of their purchase they had been advised to
use a broker. Rather than use the broker that the building company
recommended, they had chosen to look on the internet. Fortunately they had
found a Currency Broker. Most brokers can always beat a bank's quote, it
isn't so easy to beat another broker. The Currency Broker saved Ines and
Kevin 1, 300 Euros over another broker, but nearly 6, 200 Euros against the
banks.
*******************
Properties for Sale in Tenerife -
Natalie and Kevin from Blackburn were transferring two amounts over 3
months. They were buying a property off plan in Tenerife. Their first
payment was a deposit of 16, 500 and then a final payment of 149, 500. Their
first payment was in a period during 2007 when (February) the exchange was
good, but by May the rate had changed down a little. However their first
bank quote for the first transfer was 1.43 / 1; the broker was able to
beat that quote and consequently because of their disappointment with their
bank they didn't even get a quote for the second transfer. But the currency
broker estimated we saved them 4, 100 which is approximately 2, 800
*******************
PROPERTIES FOR SALE SPAIN
****************************
*******************
Properties in Northern Spain - News - 13 NHS students take trip to Spain
Posted: July 9, 2008
NOBLESVILLE -- Spanish teachers Kevin Cole and Marc Slain took 13 Noblesville
High School students to Spain June 18-27.
The group's visit included Toledo, Segovia, San Sebastian, Burgos and Bilbao.
The teachers plan to continue travelling every two years.
Students who went were Stephanie Watson, Kyla Garrett, Katie Roesch, 2008
graduate Peter Sackers, Shelbie Deppert, Celeste Bremmer, Stephanie Simpson,
Maddie Vulanich, Paul Price, Cara Leuck, Lisa Fink, Erin Boland and Katie
LeSesne. Parents Bambi Wills-Garrett and Laura Watson also attended.
Highlights included eating tapas and churros and chocolate in Madrid, seeing the
works of art at the El Prado museum, walking the streets of Pamplona where the
running of the bulls takes place, seeing the many sights of Barcelona and of
course, practicing Spanish.
--- Sharon Trisler, Noblesville Schools
*******************
We hope these have been helpful and look forward to your comment
contribution...
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